help: use a single paragraph to describe full and abbreviated nodeids The texts describing 40-digit strings and the abbreviated form are closely related, so make it a single paragraph.

hgweb: support Content Security Policy Content-Security-Policy (CSP) is a web security feature that allows servers to declare what loaded content is allowed to do. For example, a policy can prevent loading of images, JavaScript, CSS, etc unless the source of that content is whitelisted (by hostname, URI scheme, hashes of content, etc). It's a nifty security feature that provides extra mitigation against some attacks, notably XSS. Mitigation against these attacks is important for Mercurial because hgweb renders repository data, which is commonly untrusted. While we make attempts to escape things, etc, there's the possibility that malicious data could be injected into the site content. If this happens today, the full power of the web browser is available to that malicious content. A restrictive CSP policy (defined by the server operator and sent in an HTTP header which is outside the control of malicious content), could restrict browser capabilities and mitigate security problems posed by malicious data. CSP works by emitting an HTTP header declaring the policy that browsers should apply. Ideally, this header would be emitted by a layer above Mercurial (likely the HTTP server doing the WSGI "proxying"). This works for some CSP policies, but not all. For example, policies to allow inline JavaScript may require setting a "nonce" attribute on <script>. This attribute value must be unique and non-guessable. And, the value must be present in the HTTP header and the HTML body. This means that coordinating the value between Mercurial and another HTTP server could be difficult: it is much easier to generate and emit the nonce in a central location. This commit introduces support for emitting a Content-Security-Policy header from hgweb. A config option defines the header value. If present, the header is emitted. A special "%nonce%" syntax in the value triggers generation of a nonce and inclusion in <script> elements in templates. The inclusion of a nonce does not occur unless "%nonce%" is present. This makes this commit completely backwards compatible and the feature opt-in. The nonce is a type 4 UUID, which is the flavor that is randomly generated. It has 122 random bits, which should be plenty to satisfy the guarantees of a nonce.

hgweb: call process_dates() via DOM event listener All the hgweb templates include mercurial.js in their header. All the hgweb templates have the same <script> boilerplate to run process_dates(). This patch factors that function call into mercurial.js as part of a DOMContentLoaded event listener.

protocol: send application/mercurial-0.2 responses to capable clients With this commit, the HTTP transport now parses the X-HgProto-<N> header to determine what media type and compression engine to use for responses. So far, we only compress responses that are already being compressed with zlib today (stream response types to specific commands). We can expand things to cover additional response types later. The practical side-effect of this commit is that non-zlib compression engines will be used if both ends support them. This means if both ends have zstd support, zstd - not zlib - will be used to compress data! When cloning the mozilla-unified repository between a local HTTP server and client, the benefits of non-zlib compression are quite noticeable: engine server CPU (s) client CPU (s) bundle size zlib (l=6) 174.1 283.2 1,148,547,026 zstd (l=1) 99.2 267.3 1,127,513,841 zstd (l=3) 103.1 266.9 1,018,861,363 zstd (l=7) 128.3 269.7 919,190,278 zstd (l=10) 162.0 - 894,547,179 none 95.3 277.2 4,097,566,064 The default zstd compression level is 3. So if you deploy zstd capable Mercurial to your clients and servers and CPU time on your server is dominated by "getbundle" requests (clients cloning and pulling) - and my experience at Mozilla tells me this is often the case - this commit could drastically reduce your server-side CPU usage *and* save on bandwidth costs! Another benefit of this change is that server operators can install *any* compression engine. While it isn't enabled by default, the "none" compression engine can now be used to disable wire protocol compression completely. Previously, commands like "getbundle" always zlib compressed output, adding considerable overhead to generating responses. If you are on a high speed network and your server is under high load, it might be advantageous to trade bandwidth for CPU. Although, zstd at level 1 doesn't use that much CPU, so I'm not convinced that disabling compression wholesale is worthwhile. And, my data seems to indicate a slow down on the client without compression. I suspect this is due to a lack of buffering resulting in an increase in socket read() calls and/or the fact we're transferring an extra 3 GB of data (parsing HTTP chunked transfer and processing extra TCP packets can add up). This is definitely worth investigating and optimizing. But since the "none" compressor isn't enabled by default, I'm inclined to punt on this issue. This commit introduces tons of tests. Some of these should arguably have been implemented on previous commits. But it was difficult to test without the server functionality in place.

httppeer: advertise and support application/mercurial-0.2 Now that servers expose a capability indicating they support application/mercurial-0.2 and compression, clients can key off this to say they support responses that are compressed with various compression formats. After this commit, the HTTP wire protocol client now sends an "X-HgProto-<N>" request header indicating its support for "application/mercurial-0.2" media type and various compression formats. This commit also implements support for handling "application/mercurial-0.2" responses. It simply reads the header compression engine identifier then routes the remainder of the response to the appropriate decompressor. There were some test changes, but only to logging. That points to an obvious gap in our test coverage. This will be addressed in a subsequent commit once server support is in place (it is hard to test without server support).

wireproto: advertise supported media types and compression formats This commit introduces support for advertising a server's support for media types and compression formats in accordance with the spec defined in internals.wireproto. The bulk of the new code is a helper function in wireproto.py to obtain a prioritized list of compression engines available to the wire protocol. While not utilized yet, we implement support for obtaining the list of compression engines advertised by the client. The upcoming HTTP protocol enhancements are a bit lower-level than existing tests (most existing tests are command centric). So, this commit establishes a new test file that will be appropriate for holding tests around the functionality of the HTTP protocol itself. Rounding out this change, `hg debuginstall` now prints compression engines available to the server.

util: declare wire protocol support of compression engines This patch implements a new compression engine API allowing compression engines to declare support for the wire protocol. Support is declared by returning a compression format string identifier that will be added to payloads to signal the compression type of data that follows and default integer priorities of the engine. Accessor methods have been added to the compression engine manager class to facilitate use. Note that the "none" and "bz2" engines declare wire protocol support but aren't enabled by default due to their priorities being 0. It is essentially free from a coding perspective to support these compression formats, so we do it in case anyone may derive use from it.

internals: document compression negotiation As part of adding zstd support to all of the things, we'll need to teach the wire protocol to support non-zlib compression formats. This commit documents how we'll implement that. To understand how we arrived at this proposal, let's look at how things are done today. The wire protocol today doesn't have a unified format. Instead, there is a limited facility for differentiating replies as successful or not. And, each command essentially defines its own response format. A significant deficiency in the current protocol is the lack of payload framing over the SSH transport. In the HTTP transport, chunked transfer is used and the end of an HTTP response body (and the end of a Mercurial command response) can be identified by a 0 length chunk. This is how HTTP chunked transfer works. But in the SSH transport, there is no such framing, at least for certain responses (notably the response to "getbundle" requests). Clients can't simply read until end of stream because the socket is persistent and reused for multiple requests. Clients need to know when they've encountered the end of a request but there is nothing simple for them to key off of to detect this. So what happens is the client must decode the payload (as opposed to being dumb and forwarding frames/packets). This means the payload itself needs to support identifying end of stream. In some cases (bundle2), it also means the payload can encode "error" or "interrupt" events telling the client to e.g. abort processing. The lack of framing on the SSH transport and the transfer of its responsibilities to e.g. bundle2 is a massive layering violation and a wart on the protocol architecture. It needs to be fixed someday by inventing a proper framing protocol. So about compression. The client transport abstractions have a "_callcompressable()" API. This API is called to invoke a remote command that will send a compressible response. The response is essentially a "streaming" response (no framing data at the Mercurial layer) that is fed into a decompressor. On the HTTP transport, the decompressor is zlib and only zlib. There is currently no mechanism for the client to specify an alternate compression format. And, clients don't advertise what compression formats they support or ask the server to send a specific compression format. Instead, it is assumed that non-error responses to "compressible" commands are zlib compressed. On the SSH transport, there is no compression at the Mercurial protocol layer. Instead, compression must be handled by SSH itself (e.g. `ssh -C`) or within the payload data (e.g. bundle compression). For the HTTP transport, adding new compression formats is pretty straightforward. Once you know what decompressor to use, you can stream data into the decompressor until you reach a 0 size HTTP chunk, at which point you are at end of stream. So our wire protocol changes for the HTTP transport are pretty straightforward: the client and server advertise what compression formats they support and an appropriate compression format is chosen. We introduce a new HTTP media type to hold compressed payloads. The header of the payload defines the compression format being used. Whoever is on the receiving end can sniff the first few bytes route to an appropriate decompressor. Support for multiple compression formats is advertised on both server and client. The server advertises a "compression" capability saying which compression formats it supports and in what order they are preferred. Clients advertise their support for multiple compression formats and media types via the introduced "X-HgProto" request header. Strictly speaking, servers don't need to advertise which compression formats they support. But doing so allows clients to fail fast if they don't support any of the formats the server does. This is useful in situations like sending bundles, where the client may have to perform expensive computation before sending data to the server. Rather than simply advertise a list of supported compression formats, we introduce an additional "httpmediatype" server capability advertising which media types the server supports. This means servers are explicit about what formats they exchange. IMO, this is superior to inferring support from other capabilities (like "compression"). By advertising compression support on each request in the "X-HgProto" header and media type and direction at the server level, we are able to gradually transition existing commands/responses to the new media type and possibly compression. Contrast with the old world, where we only supported a single media type and the use of compression was built-in to the semantics of the command on both client and server. In the new world, if "application/mercurial-0.2" is supported, compression is supported. It's that simple. It's worth noting that we explicitly don't use "Accept," "Accept-Encoding," "Content-Encoding," or "Transfer-Encoding" for content negotiation and compression. People knowledgeable of the HTTP specifications will say that we should use these because that's what they are designed to be used for. They have a point and I sympathize with the argument. Earlier versions of this commit even defined supported media types in the "Accept" header. However, my years of experience rolling out services leveraging HTTP has taught me to not trust the HTTP layer, especially if you are going outside the normal spec (such as using a custom "Content-Encoding" value to represent zstd streams). I've seen load balancers, proxies, and other network devices do very bad and unexpected things to HTTP messages (like insisting zlib compressed content is decoded and then re-encoded at a different compression level or even stripping compression completely). I've found that the best way to avoid surprises when writing protocols on top of HTTP is to use HTTP as a dumb transport as much as possible to minimize the chances that an "intelligent" agent between endpoints will muck with your data. While the widespread use of TLS is mitigating many intermediate network agents interfering with HTTP, there are still problems at the edges, with e.g. the origin HTTP server needing to convert HTTP to and from WSGI and buggy or feature-lacking HTTP client implementations. I've found the best way to avoid these problems is to avoid using headers like "Content-Encoding" and to bake as much logic as possible into media types and HTTP message bodies. The protocol changes in this commit do rely on a custom HTTP request header and the "Content-Type" headers. But we used them before, so we shouldn't be increasing our exposure to "bad" HTTP agents. For the SSH transport, we can't easily implement content negotiation to determine compression formats because the SSH transport has no content negotiation capabilities today. And without a framing protocol, we don't know how much data to feed into a decompressor. So in order to implement compression support on the SSH transport, we'd need to invent a mechanism to represent content types and an outer framing protocol to stream data robustly. While I'm fully capable of doing that, it is a lot of work and not something that should be undertaken lightly. My opinion is that if we're going to change the SSH transport protocol, we should take a long hard look at implementing a grand unified protocol that attempts to address all the deficiencies with the existing protocol. While I want this to happen, that would be massive scope bloat standing in the way of zstd support. So, I've decided to take the easy solution: the SSH transport will not gain support for multiple compression formats. Keep in mind it doesn't support *any* compression today. So essentially nothing is changing on the SSH front.

httppeer: extract code for HTTP header spanning A second consumer of HTTP header spanning will soon be introduced. Factor out the code to do this so it can be reused.

commands: config option to control bundle compression level Currently, bundle compression uses the default compression level for the active compression engine. The default compression level is tuned as a compromise between speed and size. Some scenarios may call for a different compression level. For example, with clone bundles, bundles are generated once and used several times. Since the cost to generate is paid infrequently, server operators may wish to trade extra CPU time for better compression ratios. This patch introduces an experimental and undocumented config option to control the bundle compression level. As the inline comment says, this approach is a bit hacky. I'd prefer for the compression level to be encoded in the bundle spec. e.g. "zstd-v2;complevel=15." However, given that the 4.1 freeze is imminent, I'm not comfortable implementing this user-facing change without much time to test and consider the implications. So, we're going with the quick and dirty solution for now. Having this option in the 4.1 release will enable Mozilla to easily produce and test zlib and zstd bundles with non-default compression levels in production. This will help drive future development of the feature and zstd integration with Mercurial.