view mercurial/mail.py @ 26623:5a95fe44121d

clonebundles: support for seeding clones from pre-generated bundles

Cloning can be an expensive operation for servers because the server
generates a bundle from existing repository data at request time. For
a large repository like mozilla-central, this consumes 4+ minutes
of CPU time on the server. It also results in significant network
utilization. Multiplied by hundreds or even thousands of clients and
the ensuing load can result in difficulties scaling the Mercurial server.

Despite generation of bundles being deterministic until the next
changeset is added, the generation of bundles to service a clone request
is not cached. Each clone thus performs redundant work. This is
wasteful.

This patch introduces the "clonebundles" extension and related
client-side functionality to help alleviate this deficiency. The
client-side feature is behind an experimental flag and is not enabled by
default.

It works as follows:

1) Server operator generates a bundle and makes it available on a
   server (likely HTTP).
2) Server operator defines the URL of a bundle file in a
   .hg/clonebundles.manifest file.
3) Client `hg clone`ing sees the server is advertising bundle URLs.
4) Client fetches and applies the advertised bundle.
5) Client performs equivalent of `hg pull` to fetch changes made since
   the bundle was created.

Essentially, the server performs the expensive work of generating a
bundle once and all subsequent clones fetch a static file from
somewhere. Scaling static file serving is a much more manageable
problem than scaling a Python application like Mercurial. Assuming your
repository grows less than 1% per day, the end result is 99+% of CPU
and network load from clones is eliminated, allowing Mercurial servers
to scale more easily. Serving static files also means data can be
transferred to clients as fast as they can consume it, rather than as
fast as servers can generate it. This makes clones faster.

Mozilla has implemented similar functionality of this patch on
hg.mozilla.org using a custom extension. We are hosting bundle files in
Amazon S3 and CloudFront (a CDN) and have successfully offloaded
>1 TB/day in data transfer from hg.mozilla.org, freeing up significant
bandwidth and CPU resources. The positive impact has been stellar and
I believe it has proved its value to be included in Mercurial core. I
feel it is important for the client-side support to be enabled in core
by default because it means that clients will get faster, more reliable
clones and will enable server operators to reduce load without
requiring any client-side configuration changes (assuming clients are
up to date, of course).

The scope of this feature is narrowly and specifically tailored to
cloning, despite "serve pulls from pre-generated bundles" being a valid
and useful feature. I would eventually like for Mercurial servers to
support transferring *all* repository data via statically hosted files.
You could imagine a server that siphons all pushed data to bundle files
and instructs clients to apply a stream of bundles to reconstruct all
repository data. This feature, while useful and powerful, is
significantly more work to implement because it requires the server
component have awareness of discovery and a mapping of which changesets
are in which files. Full, clone bundles, by contrast, are much simpler.

The wire protocol command is named "clonebundles" instead of something
more generic like "staticbundles" to leave the door open for a new, more
powerful and more generic server-side component with minimal backwards
compatibility implications. The name "bundleclone" is used by Mozilla's
extension and would cause problems since there are subtle differences
in Mozilla's extension.

Mozilla's experience with this idea has taught us that some form of
"content negotiation" is required. Not all clients will support all
bundle formats or even URLs (advanced TLS requirements, etc). To ensure
the highest uptake possible, a server needs to advertise multiple
versions of bundles and clients need to be able to choose the most
appropriate from that list one. The "attributes" in each
server-advertised entry facilitate this filtering and sorting. Their
use will become apparent in subsequent patches.

Initial inspiration and credit for the idea of cloning from static files
belongs to Augie Fackler and his "lookaside clone" extension proof of
concept.

# mail.py - mail sending bits for mercurial
#
# Copyright 2006 Matt Mackall <[e-mail]>
#
# This software may be used and distributed according to the terms of the
# GNU General Public License version 2 or any later version.

from __future__ import absolute_import

import email
import os
import quopri
import smtplib
import socket
import sys
import time

from .i18n import _
from . import (
    encoding,
    error,
    sslutil,
    util,
)

_oldheaderinit = email.Header.Header.__init__
def _unifiedheaderinit(self, *args, **kw):
    """
    Python 2.7 introduces a backwards incompatible change
    (Python issue1974, r70772) in email.Generator.Generator code:
    pre-2.7 code passed "continuation_ws='\t'" to the Header
    constructor, and 2.7 removed this parameter.

    Default argument is continuation_ws=' ', which means that the
    behavior is different in <2.7 and 2.7

    We consider the 2.7 behavior to be preferable, but need
    to have an unified behavior for versions 2.4 to 2.7
    """
    # override continuation_ws
    kw['continuation_ws'] = ' '
    _oldheaderinit(self, *args, **kw)

email.Header.Header.__dict__['__init__'] = _unifiedheaderinit

class STARTTLS(smtplib.SMTP):
    '''Derived class to verify the peer certificate for STARTTLS.

    This class allows to pass any keyword arguments to SSL socket creation.
    '''
    def __init__(self, sslkwargs, **kwargs):
        smtplib.SMTP.__init__(self, **kwargs)
        self._sslkwargs = sslkwargs

    def starttls(self, keyfile=None, certfile=None):
        if not self.has_extn("starttls"):
            msg = "STARTTLS extension not supported by server"
            raise smtplib.SMTPException(msg)
        (resp, reply) = self.docmd("STARTTLS")
        if resp == 220:
            self.sock = sslutil.wrapsocket(self.sock, keyfile, certfile,
                                           **self._sslkwargs)
            if not util.safehasattr(self.sock, "read"):
                # using httplib.FakeSocket with Python 2.5.x or earlier
                self.sock.read = self.sock.recv
            self.file = smtplib.SSLFakeFile(self.sock)
            self.helo_resp = None
            self.ehlo_resp = None
            self.esmtp_features = {}
            self.does_esmtp = 0
        return (resp, reply)

if util.safehasattr(smtplib.SMTP, '_get_socket'):
    class SMTPS(smtplib.SMTP):
        '''Derived class to verify the peer certificate for SMTPS.

        This class allows to pass any keyword arguments to SSL socket creation.
        '''
        def __init__(self, sslkwargs, keyfile=None, certfile=None, **kwargs):
            self.keyfile = keyfile
            self.certfile = certfile
            smtplib.SMTP.__init__(self, **kwargs)
            self.default_port = smtplib.SMTP_SSL_PORT
            self._sslkwargs = sslkwargs

        def _get_socket(self, host, port, timeout):
            if self.debuglevel > 0:
                print >> sys.stderr, 'connect:', (host, port)
            new_socket = socket.create_connection((host, port), timeout)
            new_socket = sslutil.wrapsocket(new_socket,
                                            self.keyfile, self.certfile,
                                            **self._sslkwargs)
            self.file = smtplib.SSLFakeFile(new_socket)
            return new_socket
else:
    def SMTPS(sslkwargs, keyfile=None, certfile=None, **kwargs):
        raise error.Abort(_('SMTPS requires Python 2.6 or later'))

def _smtp(ui):
    '''build an smtp connection and return a function to send mail'''
    local_hostname = ui.config('smtp', 'local_hostname')
    tls = ui.config('smtp', 'tls', 'none')
    # backward compatible: when tls = true, we use starttls.
    starttls = tls == 'starttls' or util.parsebool(tls)
    smtps = tls == 'smtps'
    if (starttls or smtps) and not util.safehasattr(socket, 'ssl'):
        raise error.Abort(_("can't use TLS: Python SSL support not installed"))
    mailhost = ui.config('smtp', 'host')
    if not mailhost:
        raise error.Abort(_('smtp.host not configured - cannot send mail'))
    verifycert = ui.config('smtp', 'verifycert', 'strict')
    if verifycert not in ['strict', 'loose']:
        if util.parsebool(verifycert) is not False:
            raise error.Abort(_('invalid smtp.verifycert configuration: %s')
                             % (verifycert))
        verifycert = False
    if (starttls or smtps) and verifycert:
        sslkwargs = sslutil.sslkwargs(ui, mailhost)
    else:
        # 'ui' is required by sslutil.wrapsocket() and set by sslkwargs()
        sslkwargs = {'ui': ui}
    if smtps:
        ui.note(_('(using smtps)\n'))
        s = SMTPS(sslkwargs, local_hostname=local_hostname)
    elif starttls:
        s = STARTTLS(sslkwargs, local_hostname=local_hostname)
    else:
        s = smtplib.SMTP(local_hostname=local_hostname)
    if smtps:
        defaultport = 465
    else:
        defaultport = 25
    mailport = util.getport(ui.config('smtp', 'port', defaultport))
    ui.note(_('sending mail: smtp host %s, port %s\n') %
            (mailhost, mailport))
    s.connect(host=mailhost, port=mailport)
    if starttls:
        ui.note(_('(using starttls)\n'))
        s.ehlo()
        s.starttls()
        s.ehlo()
    if (starttls or smtps) and verifycert:
        ui.note(_('(verifying remote certificate)\n'))
        sslutil.validator(ui, mailhost)(s.sock, verifycert == 'strict')
    username = ui.config('smtp', 'username')
    password = ui.config('smtp', 'password')
    if username and not password:
        password = ui.getpass()
    if username and password:
        ui.note(_('(authenticating to mail server as %s)\n') %
                  (username))
        try:
            s.login(username, password)
        except smtplib.SMTPException as inst:
            raise error.Abort(inst)

    def send(sender, recipients, msg):
        try:
            return s.sendmail(sender, recipients, msg)
        except smtplib.SMTPRecipientsRefused as inst:
            recipients = [r[1] for r in inst.recipients.values()]
            raise error.Abort('\n' + '\n'.join(recipients))
        except smtplib.SMTPException as inst:
            raise error.Abort(inst)

    return send

def _sendmail(ui, sender, recipients, msg):
    '''send mail using sendmail.'''
    program = ui.config('email', 'method', 'smtp')
    cmdline = '%s -f %s %s' % (program, util.email(sender),
                               ' '.join(map(util.email, recipients)))
    ui.note(_('sending mail: %s\n') % cmdline)
    fp = util.popen(cmdline, 'w')
    fp.write(msg)
    ret = fp.close()
    if ret:
        raise error.Abort('%s %s' % (
            os.path.basename(program.split(None, 1)[0]),
            util.explainexit(ret)[0]))

def _mbox(mbox, sender, recipients, msg):
    '''write mails to mbox'''
    fp = open(mbox, 'ab+')
    # Should be time.asctime(), but Windows prints 2-characters day
    # of month instead of one. Make them print the same thing.
    date = time.strftime('%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y', time.localtime())
    fp.write('From %s %s\n' % (sender, date))
    fp.write(msg)
    fp.write('\n\n')
    fp.close()

def connect(ui, mbox=None):
    '''make a mail connection. return a function to send mail.
    call as sendmail(sender, list-of-recipients, msg).'''
    if mbox:
        open(mbox, 'wb').close()
        return lambda s, r, m: _mbox(mbox, s, r, m)
    if ui.config('email', 'method', 'smtp') == 'smtp':
        return _smtp(ui)
    return lambda s, r, m: _sendmail(ui, s, r, m)

def sendmail(ui, sender, recipients, msg, mbox=None):
    send = connect(ui, mbox=mbox)
    return send(sender, recipients, msg)

def validateconfig(ui):
    '''determine if we have enough config data to try sending email.'''
    method = ui.config('email', 'method', 'smtp')
    if method == 'smtp':
        if not ui.config('smtp', 'host'):
            raise error.Abort(_('smtp specified as email transport, '
                               'but no smtp host configured'))
    else:
        if not util.findexe(method):
            raise error.Abort(_('%r specified as email transport, '
                               'but not in PATH') % method)

def mimetextpatch(s, subtype='plain', display=False):
    '''Return MIME message suitable for a patch.
    Charset will be detected as utf-8 or (possibly fake) us-ascii.
    Transfer encodings will be used if necessary.'''

    cs = 'us-ascii'
    if not display:
        try:
            s.decode('us-ascii')
        except UnicodeDecodeError:
            try:
                s.decode('utf-8')
                cs = 'utf-8'
            except UnicodeDecodeError:
                # We'll go with us-ascii as a fallback.
                pass

    return mimetextqp(s, subtype, cs)

def mimetextqp(body, subtype, charset):
    '''Return MIME message.
    Quoted-printable transfer encoding will be used if necessary.
    '''
    enc = None
    for line in body.splitlines():
        if len(line) > 950:
            body = quopri.encodestring(body)
            enc = "quoted-printable"
            break

    msg = email.MIMEText.MIMEText(body, subtype, charset)
    if enc:
        del msg['Content-Transfer-Encoding']
        msg['Content-Transfer-Encoding'] = enc
    return msg

def _charsets(ui):
    '''Obtains charsets to send mail parts not containing patches.'''
    charsets = [cs.lower() for cs in ui.configlist('email', 'charsets')]
    fallbacks = [encoding.fallbackencoding.lower(),
                 encoding.encoding.lower(), 'utf-8']
    for cs in fallbacks: # find unique charsets while keeping order
        if cs not in charsets:
            charsets.append(cs)
    return [cs for cs in charsets if not cs.endswith('ascii')]

def _encode(ui, s, charsets):
    '''Returns (converted) string, charset tuple.
    Finds out best charset by cycling through sendcharsets in descending
    order. Tries both encoding and fallbackencoding for input. Only as
    last resort send as is in fake ascii.
    Caveat: Do not use for mail parts containing patches!'''
    try:
        s.decode('ascii')
    except UnicodeDecodeError:
        sendcharsets = charsets or _charsets(ui)
        for ics in (encoding.encoding, encoding.fallbackencoding):
            try:
                u = s.decode(ics)
            except UnicodeDecodeError:
                continue
            for ocs in sendcharsets:
                try:
                    return u.encode(ocs), ocs
                except UnicodeEncodeError:
                    pass
                except LookupError:
                    ui.warn(_('ignoring invalid sendcharset: %s\n') % ocs)
    # if ascii, or all conversion attempts fail, send (broken) ascii
    return s, 'us-ascii'

def headencode(ui, s, charsets=None, display=False):
    '''Returns RFC-2047 compliant header from given string.'''
    if not display:
        # split into words?
        s, cs = _encode(ui, s, charsets)
        return str(email.Header.Header(s, cs))
    return s

def _addressencode(ui, name, addr, charsets=None):
    name = headencode(ui, name, charsets)
    try:
        acc, dom = addr.split('@')
        acc = acc.encode('ascii')
        dom = dom.decode(encoding.encoding).encode('idna')
        addr = '%s@%s' % (acc, dom)
    except UnicodeDecodeError:
        raise error.Abort(_('invalid email address: %s') % addr)
    except ValueError:
        try:
            # too strict?
            addr = addr.encode('ascii')
        except UnicodeDecodeError:
            raise error.Abort(_('invalid local address: %s') % addr)
    return email.Utils.formataddr((name, addr))

def addressencode(ui, address, charsets=None, display=False):
    '''Turns address into RFC-2047 compliant header.'''
    if display or not address:
        return address or ''
    name, addr = email.Utils.parseaddr(address)
    return _addressencode(ui, name, addr, charsets)

def addrlistencode(ui, addrs, charsets=None, display=False):
    '''Turns a list of addresses into a list of RFC-2047 compliant headers.
    A single element of input list may contain multiple addresses, but output
    always has one address per item'''
    if display:
        return [a.strip() for a in addrs if a.strip()]

    result = []
    for name, addr in email.Utils.getaddresses(addrs):
        if name or addr:
            result.append(_addressencode(ui, name, addr, charsets))
    return result

def mimeencode(ui, s, charsets=None, display=False):
    '''creates mime text object, encodes it if needed, and sets
    charset and transfer-encoding accordingly.'''
    cs = 'us-ascii'
    if not display:
        s, cs = _encode(ui, s, charsets)
    return mimetextqp(s, 'plain', cs)