Mercurial > hg
view mercurial/scmutil.py @ 21811:789b69d597cc
dirstate.status: assign members one by one instead of unpacking the tuple
With this patch, hg status and hg diff regain their previous speed.
The following tests are run against a working copy with over 270,000 files.
Here, 'before' means without this or the previous patch applied.
Note that in this case `hg perfstatus` isn't representative since it doesn't
take dirstate parsing time into account.
$ time hg status # best of 5
before: 2.03s user 1.25s system 99% cpu 3.290 total
after: 2.01s user 1.25s system 99% cpu 3.261 total
$ time hg diff # best of 5
before: 1.32s user 0.78s system 99% cpu 2.105 total
after: 1.27s user 0.79s system 99% cpu 2.066 total
author | Siddharth Agarwal <sid0@fb.com> |
---|---|
date | Tue, 27 May 2014 21:02:16 -0700 |
parents | dfacdd6a111e |
children | 8110405cf8ae |
line wrap: on
line source
# scmutil.py - Mercurial core utility functions # # Copyright Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com> # # This software may be used and distributed according to the terms of the # GNU General Public License version 2 or any later version. from i18n import _ from mercurial.node import nullrev import util, error, osutil, revset, similar, encoding, phases, parsers import pathutil import match as matchmod import os, errno, re, glob, tempfile if os.name == 'nt': import scmwindows as scmplatform else: import scmposix as scmplatform systemrcpath = scmplatform.systemrcpath userrcpath = scmplatform.userrcpath def itersubrepos(ctx1, ctx2): """find subrepos in ctx1 or ctx2""" # Create a (subpath, ctx) mapping where we prefer subpaths from # ctx1. The subpaths from ctx2 are important when the .hgsub file # has been modified (in ctx2) but not yet committed (in ctx1). subpaths = dict.fromkeys(ctx2.substate, ctx2) subpaths.update(dict.fromkeys(ctx1.substate, ctx1)) for subpath, ctx in sorted(subpaths.iteritems()): yield subpath, ctx.sub(subpath) def nochangesfound(ui, repo, excluded=None): '''Report no changes for push/pull, excluded is None or a list of nodes excluded from the push/pull. ''' secretlist = [] if excluded: for n in excluded: if n not in repo: # discovery should not have included the filtered revision, # we have to explicitly exclude it until discovery is cleanup. continue ctx = repo[n] if ctx.phase() >= phases.secret and not ctx.extinct(): secretlist.append(n) if secretlist: ui.status(_("no changes found (ignored %d secret changesets)\n") % len(secretlist)) else: ui.status(_("no changes found\n")) def checknewlabel(repo, lbl, kind): # Do not use the "kind" parameter in ui output. # It makes strings difficult to translate. if lbl in ['tip', '.', 'null']: raise util.Abort(_("the name '%s' is reserved") % lbl) for c in (':', '\0', '\n', '\r'): if c in lbl: raise util.Abort(_("%r cannot be used in a name") % c) try: int(lbl) raise util.Abort(_("cannot use an integer as a name")) except ValueError: pass def checkfilename(f): '''Check that the filename f is an acceptable filename for a tracked file''' if '\r' in f or '\n' in f: raise util.Abort(_("'\\n' and '\\r' disallowed in filenames: %r") % f) def checkportable(ui, f): '''Check if filename f is portable and warn or abort depending on config''' checkfilename(f) abort, warn = checkportabilityalert(ui) if abort or warn: msg = util.checkwinfilename(f) if msg: msg = "%s: %r" % (msg, f) if abort: raise util.Abort(msg) ui.warn(_("warning: %s\n") % msg) def checkportabilityalert(ui): '''check if the user's config requests nothing, a warning, or abort for non-portable filenames''' val = ui.config('ui', 'portablefilenames', 'warn') lval = val.lower() bval = util.parsebool(val) abort = os.name == 'nt' or lval == 'abort' warn = bval or lval == 'warn' if bval is None and not (warn or abort or lval == 'ignore'): raise error.ConfigError( _("ui.portablefilenames value is invalid ('%s')") % val) return abort, warn class casecollisionauditor(object): def __init__(self, ui, abort, dirstate): self._ui = ui self._abort = abort allfiles = '\0'.join(dirstate._map) self._loweredfiles = set(encoding.lower(allfiles).split('\0')) self._dirstate = dirstate # The purpose of _newfiles is so that we don't complain about # case collisions if someone were to call this object with the # same filename twice. self._newfiles = set() def __call__(self, f): if f in self._newfiles: return fl = encoding.lower(f) if fl in self._loweredfiles and f not in self._dirstate: msg = _('possible case-folding collision for %s') % f if self._abort: raise util.Abort(msg) self._ui.warn(_("warning: %s\n") % msg) self._loweredfiles.add(fl) self._newfiles.add(f) class abstractvfs(object): """Abstract base class; cannot be instantiated""" def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): '''Prevent instantiation; don't call this from subclasses.''' raise NotImplementedError('attempted instantiating ' + str(type(self))) def tryread(self, path): '''gracefully return an empty string for missing files''' try: return self.read(path) except IOError, inst: if inst.errno != errno.ENOENT: raise return "" def open(self, path, mode="r", text=False, atomictemp=False): self.open = self.__call__ return self.__call__(path, mode, text, atomictemp) def read(self, path): fp = self(path, 'rb') try: return fp.read() finally: fp.close() def write(self, path, data): fp = self(path, 'wb') try: return fp.write(data) finally: fp.close() def append(self, path, data): fp = self(path, 'ab') try: return fp.write(data) finally: fp.close() def chmod(self, path, mode): return os.chmod(self.join(path), mode) def exists(self, path=None): return os.path.exists(self.join(path)) def fstat(self, fp): return util.fstat(fp) def isdir(self, path=None): return os.path.isdir(self.join(path)) def isfile(self, path=None): return os.path.isfile(self.join(path)) def islink(self, path=None): return os.path.islink(self.join(path)) def lexists(self, path=None): return os.path.lexists(self.join(path)) def lstat(self, path=None): return os.lstat(self.join(path)) def listdir(self, path=None): return os.listdir(self.join(path)) def makedir(self, path=None, notindexed=True): return util.makedir(self.join(path), notindexed) def makedirs(self, path=None, mode=None): return util.makedirs(self.join(path), mode) def makelock(self, info, path): return util.makelock(info, self.join(path)) def mkdir(self, path=None): return os.mkdir(self.join(path)) def mkstemp(self, suffix='', prefix='tmp', dir=None, text=False): fd, name = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix=suffix, prefix=prefix, dir=self.join(dir), text=text) dname, fname = util.split(name) if dir: return fd, os.path.join(dir, fname) else: return fd, fname def readdir(self, path=None, stat=None, skip=None): return osutil.listdir(self.join(path), stat, skip) def readlock(self, path): return util.readlock(self.join(path)) def rename(self, src, dst): return util.rename(self.join(src), self.join(dst)) def readlink(self, path): return os.readlink(self.join(path)) def setflags(self, path, l, x): return util.setflags(self.join(path), l, x) def stat(self, path=None): return os.stat(self.join(path)) def unlink(self, path=None): return util.unlink(self.join(path)) def unlinkpath(self, path=None, ignoremissing=False): return util.unlinkpath(self.join(path), ignoremissing) def utime(self, path=None, t=None): return os.utime(self.join(path), t) class vfs(abstractvfs): '''Operate files relative to a base directory This class is used to hide the details of COW semantics and remote file access from higher level code. ''' def __init__(self, base, audit=True, expandpath=False, realpath=False): if expandpath: base = util.expandpath(base) if realpath: base = os.path.realpath(base) self.base = base self._setmustaudit(audit) self.createmode = None self._trustnlink = None def _getmustaudit(self): return self._audit def _setmustaudit(self, onoff): self._audit = onoff if onoff: self.audit = pathutil.pathauditor(self.base) else: self.audit = util.always mustaudit = property(_getmustaudit, _setmustaudit) @util.propertycache def _cansymlink(self): return util.checklink(self.base) @util.propertycache def _chmod(self): return util.checkexec(self.base) def _fixfilemode(self, name): if self.createmode is None or not self._chmod: return os.chmod(name, self.createmode & 0666) def __call__(self, path, mode="r", text=False, atomictemp=False): if self._audit: r = util.checkosfilename(path) if r: raise util.Abort("%s: %r" % (r, path)) self.audit(path) f = self.join(path) if not text and "b" not in mode: mode += "b" # for that other OS nlink = -1 if mode not in ('r', 'rb'): dirname, basename = util.split(f) # If basename is empty, then the path is malformed because it points # to a directory. Let the posixfile() call below raise IOError. if basename: if atomictemp: util.ensuredirs(dirname, self.createmode) return util.atomictempfile(f, mode, self.createmode) try: if 'w' in mode: util.unlink(f) nlink = 0 else: # nlinks() may behave differently for files on Windows # shares if the file is open. fd = util.posixfile(f) nlink = util.nlinks(f) if nlink < 1: nlink = 2 # force mktempcopy (issue1922) fd.close() except (OSError, IOError), e: if e.errno != errno.ENOENT: raise nlink = 0 util.ensuredirs(dirname, self.createmode) if nlink > 0: if self._trustnlink is None: self._trustnlink = nlink > 1 or util.checknlink(f) if nlink > 1 or not self._trustnlink: util.rename(util.mktempcopy(f), f) fp = util.posixfile(f, mode) if nlink == 0: self._fixfilemode(f) return fp def symlink(self, src, dst): self.audit(dst) linkname = self.join(dst) try: os.unlink(linkname) except OSError: pass util.ensuredirs(os.path.dirname(linkname), self.createmode) if self._cansymlink: try: os.symlink(src, linkname) except OSError, err: raise OSError(err.errno, _('could not symlink to %r: %s') % (src, err.strerror), linkname) else: self.write(dst, src) def join(self, path): if path: return os.path.join(self.base, path) else: return self.base opener = vfs class auditvfs(object): def __init__(self, vfs): self.vfs = vfs def _getmustaudit(self): return self.vfs.mustaudit def _setmustaudit(self, onoff): self.vfs.mustaudit = onoff mustaudit = property(_getmustaudit, _setmustaudit) class filtervfs(abstractvfs, auditvfs): '''Wrapper vfs for filtering filenames with a function.''' def __init__(self, vfs, filter): auditvfs.__init__(self, vfs) self._filter = filter def __call__(self, path, *args, **kwargs): return self.vfs(self._filter(path), *args, **kwargs) def join(self, path): if path: return self.vfs.join(self._filter(path)) else: return self.vfs.join(path) filteropener = filtervfs class readonlyvfs(abstractvfs, auditvfs): '''Wrapper vfs preventing any writing.''' def __init__(self, vfs): auditvfs.__init__(self, vfs) def __call__(self, path, mode='r', *args, **kw): if mode not in ('r', 'rb'): raise util.Abort('this vfs is read only') return self.vfs(path, mode, *args, **kw) def walkrepos(path, followsym=False, seen_dirs=None, recurse=False): '''yield every hg repository under path, always recursively. The recurse flag will only control recursion into repo working dirs''' def errhandler(err): if err.filename == path: raise err samestat = getattr(os.path, 'samestat', None) if followsym and samestat is not None: def adddir(dirlst, dirname): match = False dirstat = os.stat(dirname) for lstdirstat in dirlst: if samestat(dirstat, lstdirstat): match = True break if not match: dirlst.append(dirstat) return not match else: followsym = False if (seen_dirs is None) and followsym: seen_dirs = [] adddir(seen_dirs, path) for root, dirs, files in os.walk(path, topdown=True, onerror=errhandler): dirs.sort() if '.hg' in dirs: yield root # found a repository qroot = os.path.join(root, '.hg', 'patches') if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(qroot, '.hg')): yield qroot # we have a patch queue repo here if recurse: # avoid recursing inside the .hg directory dirs.remove('.hg') else: dirs[:] = [] # don't descend further elif followsym: newdirs = [] for d in dirs: fname = os.path.join(root, d) if adddir(seen_dirs, fname): if os.path.islink(fname): for hgname in walkrepos(fname, True, seen_dirs): yield hgname else: newdirs.append(d) dirs[:] = newdirs def osrcpath(): '''return default os-specific hgrc search path''' path = systemrcpath() path.extend(userrcpath()) path = [os.path.normpath(f) for f in path] return path _rcpath = None def rcpath(): '''return hgrc search path. if env var HGRCPATH is set, use it. for each item in path, if directory, use files ending in .rc, else use item. make HGRCPATH empty to only look in .hg/hgrc of current repo. if no HGRCPATH, use default os-specific path.''' global _rcpath if _rcpath is None: if 'HGRCPATH' in os.environ: _rcpath = [] for p in os.environ['HGRCPATH'].split(os.pathsep): if not p: continue p = util.expandpath(p) if os.path.isdir(p): for f, kind in osutil.listdir(p): if f.endswith('.rc'): _rcpath.append(os.path.join(p, f)) else: _rcpath.append(p) else: _rcpath = osrcpath() return _rcpath def revsingle(repo, revspec, default='.'): if not revspec and revspec != 0: return repo[default] l = revrange(repo, [revspec]) if len(l) < 1: raise util.Abort(_('empty revision set')) return repo[l[-1]] def revpair(repo, revs): if not revs: return repo.dirstate.p1(), None l = revrange(repo, revs) if not l: first = second = None elif l.isascending(): first = l.min() second = l.max() elif l.isdescending(): first = l.max() second = l.min() else: l = list(l) first = l[0] second = l[-1] if first is None: raise util.Abort(_('empty revision range')) if first == second and len(revs) == 1 and _revrangesep not in revs[0]: return repo.lookup(first), None return repo.lookup(first), repo.lookup(second) _revrangesep = ':' def revrange(repo, revs): """Yield revision as strings from a list of revision specifications.""" def revfix(repo, val, defval): if not val and val != 0 and defval is not None: return defval return repo[val].rev() seen, l = set(), revset.baseset([]) for spec in revs: if l and not seen: seen = set(l) # attempt to parse old-style ranges first to deal with # things like old-tag which contain query metacharacters try: if isinstance(spec, int): seen.add(spec) l = l + revset.baseset([spec]) continue if _revrangesep in spec: start, end = spec.split(_revrangesep, 1) start = revfix(repo, start, 0) end = revfix(repo, end, len(repo) - 1) if end == nullrev and start < 0: start = nullrev rangeiter = repo.changelog.revs(start, end) if not seen and not l: # by far the most common case: revs = ["-1:0"] l = revset.baseset(rangeiter) # defer syncing seen until next iteration continue newrevs = set(rangeiter) if seen: newrevs.difference_update(seen) seen.update(newrevs) else: seen = newrevs l = l + revset.baseset(sorted(newrevs, reverse=start > end)) continue elif spec and spec in repo: # single unquoted rev rev = revfix(repo, spec, None) if rev in seen: continue seen.add(rev) l = l + revset.baseset([rev]) continue except error.RepoLookupError: pass # fall through to new-style queries if old-style fails m = revset.match(repo.ui, spec, repo) if seen or l: dl = [r for r in m(repo, revset.spanset(repo)) if r not in seen] l = l + revset.baseset(dl) seen.update(dl) else: l = m(repo, revset.spanset(repo)) return l def expandpats(pats): '''Expand bare globs when running on windows. On posix we assume it already has already been done by sh.''' if not util.expandglobs: return list(pats) ret = [] for kindpat in pats: kind, pat = matchmod._patsplit(kindpat, None) if kind is None: try: globbed = glob.glob(pat) except re.error: globbed = [pat] if globbed: ret.extend(globbed) continue ret.append(kindpat) return ret def matchandpats(ctx, pats=[], opts={}, globbed=False, default='relpath'): '''Return a matcher and the patterns that were used. The matcher will warn about bad matches.''' if pats == ("",): pats = [] if not globbed and default == 'relpath': pats = expandpats(pats or []) m = ctx.match(pats, opts.get('include'), opts.get('exclude'), default) def badfn(f, msg): ctx._repo.ui.warn("%s: %s\n" % (m.rel(f), msg)) m.bad = badfn return m, pats def match(ctx, pats=[], opts={}, globbed=False, default='relpath'): '''Return a matcher that will warn about bad matches.''' return matchandpats(ctx, pats, opts, globbed, default)[0] def matchall(repo): '''Return a matcher that will efficiently match everything.''' return matchmod.always(repo.root, repo.getcwd()) def matchfiles(repo, files): '''Return a matcher that will efficiently match exactly these files.''' return matchmod.exact(repo.root, repo.getcwd(), files) def addremove(repo, pats=[], opts={}, dry_run=None, similarity=None): if dry_run is None: dry_run = opts.get('dry_run') if similarity is None: similarity = float(opts.get('similarity') or 0) # we'd use status here, except handling of symlinks and ignore is tricky m = match(repo[None], pats, opts) rejected = [] m.bad = lambda x, y: rejected.append(x) added, unknown, deleted, removed = _interestingfiles(repo, m) unknownset = set(unknown) toprint = unknownset.copy() toprint.update(deleted) for abs in sorted(toprint): if repo.ui.verbose or not m.exact(abs): rel = m.rel(abs) if abs in unknownset: status = _('adding %s\n') % ((pats and rel) or abs) else: status = _('removing %s\n') % ((pats and rel) or abs) repo.ui.status(status) renames = _findrenames(repo, m, added + unknown, removed + deleted, similarity) if not dry_run: _markchanges(repo, unknown, deleted, renames) for f in rejected: if f in m.files(): return 1 return 0 def marktouched(repo, files, similarity=0.0): '''Assert that files have somehow been operated upon. files are relative to the repo root.''' m = matchfiles(repo, files) rejected = [] m.bad = lambda x, y: rejected.append(x) added, unknown, deleted, removed = _interestingfiles(repo, m) if repo.ui.verbose: unknownset = set(unknown) toprint = unknownset.copy() toprint.update(deleted) for abs in sorted(toprint): if abs in unknownset: status = _('adding %s\n') % abs else: status = _('removing %s\n') % abs repo.ui.status(status) renames = _findrenames(repo, m, added + unknown, removed + deleted, similarity) _markchanges(repo, unknown, deleted, renames) for f in rejected: if f in m.files(): return 1 return 0 def _interestingfiles(repo, matcher): '''Walk dirstate with matcher, looking for files that addremove would care about. This is different from dirstate.status because it doesn't care about whether files are modified or clean.''' added, unknown, deleted, removed = [], [], [], [] audit_path = pathutil.pathauditor(repo.root) ctx = repo[None] dirstate = repo.dirstate walkresults = dirstate.walk(matcher, sorted(ctx.substate), True, False, full=False) for abs, st in walkresults.iteritems(): dstate = dirstate[abs] if dstate == '?' and audit_path.check(abs): unknown.append(abs) elif dstate != 'r' and not st: deleted.append(abs) # for finding renames elif dstate == 'r': removed.append(abs) elif dstate == 'a': added.append(abs) return added, unknown, deleted, removed def _findrenames(repo, matcher, added, removed, similarity): '''Find renames from removed files to added ones.''' renames = {} if similarity > 0: for old, new, score in similar.findrenames(repo, added, removed, similarity): if (repo.ui.verbose or not matcher.exact(old) or not matcher.exact(new)): repo.ui.status(_('recording removal of %s as rename to %s ' '(%d%% similar)\n') % (matcher.rel(old), matcher.rel(new), score * 100)) renames[new] = old return renames def _markchanges(repo, unknown, deleted, renames): '''Marks the files in unknown as added, the files in deleted as removed, and the files in renames as copied.''' wctx = repo[None] wlock = repo.wlock() try: wctx.forget(deleted) wctx.add(unknown) for new, old in renames.iteritems(): wctx.copy(old, new) finally: wlock.release() def dirstatecopy(ui, repo, wctx, src, dst, dryrun=False, cwd=None): """Update the dirstate to reflect the intent of copying src to dst. For different reasons it might not end with dst being marked as copied from src. """ origsrc = repo.dirstate.copied(src) or src if dst == origsrc: # copying back a copy? if repo.dirstate[dst] not in 'mn' and not dryrun: repo.dirstate.normallookup(dst) else: if repo.dirstate[origsrc] == 'a' and origsrc == src: if not ui.quiet: ui.warn(_("%s has not been committed yet, so no copy " "data will be stored for %s.\n") % (repo.pathto(origsrc, cwd), repo.pathto(dst, cwd))) if repo.dirstate[dst] in '?r' and not dryrun: wctx.add([dst]) elif not dryrun: wctx.copy(origsrc, dst) def readrequires(opener, supported): '''Reads and parses .hg/requires and checks if all entries found are in the list of supported features.''' requirements = set(opener.read("requires").splitlines()) missings = [] for r in requirements: if r not in supported: if not r or not r[0].isalnum(): raise error.RequirementError(_(".hg/requires file is corrupt")) missings.append(r) missings.sort() if missings: raise error.RequirementError( _("repository requires features unknown to this Mercurial: %s") % " ".join(missings), hint=_("see http://mercurial.selenic.com/wiki/MissingRequirement" " for more information")) return requirements class filecachesubentry(object): def __init__(self, path, stat): self.path = path self.cachestat = None self._cacheable = None if stat: self.cachestat = filecachesubentry.stat(self.path) if self.cachestat: self._cacheable = self.cachestat.cacheable() else: # None means we don't know yet self._cacheable = None def refresh(self): if self.cacheable(): self.cachestat = filecachesubentry.stat(self.path) def cacheable(self): if self._cacheable is not None: return self._cacheable # we don't know yet, assume it is for now return True def changed(self): # no point in going further if we can't cache it if not self.cacheable(): return True newstat = filecachesubentry.stat(self.path) # we may not know if it's cacheable yet, check again now if newstat and self._cacheable is None: self._cacheable = newstat.cacheable() # check again if not self._cacheable: return True if self.cachestat != newstat: self.cachestat = newstat return True else: return False @staticmethod def stat(path): try: return util.cachestat(path) except OSError, e: if e.errno != errno.ENOENT: raise class filecacheentry(object): def __init__(self, paths, stat=True): self._entries = [] for path in paths: self._entries.append(filecachesubentry(path, stat)) def changed(self): '''true if any entry has changed''' for entry in self._entries: if entry.changed(): return True return False def refresh(self): for entry in self._entries: entry.refresh() class filecache(object): '''A property like decorator that tracks files under .hg/ for updates. Records stat info when called in _filecache. On subsequent calls, compares old stat info with new info, and recreates the object when any of the files changes, updating the new stat info in _filecache. Mercurial either atomic renames or appends for files under .hg, so to ensure the cache is reliable we need the filesystem to be able to tell us if a file has been replaced. If it can't, we fallback to recreating the object on every call (essentially the same behaviour as propertycache). ''' def __init__(self, *paths): self.paths = paths def join(self, obj, fname): """Used to compute the runtime path of a cached file. Users should subclass filecache and provide their own version of this function to call the appropriate join function on 'obj' (an instance of the class that its member function was decorated). """ return obj.join(fname) def __call__(self, func): self.func = func self.name = func.__name__ return self def __get__(self, obj, type=None): # do we need to check if the file changed? if self.name in obj.__dict__: assert self.name in obj._filecache, self.name return obj.__dict__[self.name] entry = obj._filecache.get(self.name) if entry: if entry.changed(): entry.obj = self.func(obj) else: paths = [self.join(obj, path) for path in self.paths] # We stat -before- creating the object so our cache doesn't lie if # a writer modified between the time we read and stat entry = filecacheentry(paths, True) entry.obj = self.func(obj) obj._filecache[self.name] = entry obj.__dict__[self.name] = entry.obj return entry.obj def __set__(self, obj, value): if self.name not in obj._filecache: # we add an entry for the missing value because X in __dict__ # implies X in _filecache paths = [self.join(obj, path) for path in self.paths] ce = filecacheentry(paths, False) obj._filecache[self.name] = ce else: ce = obj._filecache[self.name] ce.obj = value # update cached copy obj.__dict__[self.name] = value # update copy returned by obj.x def __delete__(self, obj): try: del obj.__dict__[self.name] except KeyError: raise AttributeError(self.name) class dirs(object): '''a multiset of directory names from a dirstate or manifest''' def __init__(self, map, skip=None): self._dirs = {} addpath = self.addpath if util.safehasattr(map, 'iteritems') and skip is not None: for f, s in map.iteritems(): if s[0] != skip: addpath(f) else: for f in map: addpath(f) def addpath(self, path): dirs = self._dirs for base in finddirs(path): if base in dirs: dirs[base] += 1 return dirs[base] = 1 def delpath(self, path): dirs = self._dirs for base in finddirs(path): if dirs[base] > 1: dirs[base] -= 1 return del dirs[base] def __iter__(self): return self._dirs.iterkeys() def __contains__(self, d): return d in self._dirs if util.safehasattr(parsers, 'dirs'): dirs = parsers.dirs def finddirs(path): pos = path.rfind('/') while pos != -1: yield path[:pos] pos = path.rfind('/', 0, pos)