view rust/README.rst @ 51933:f2832de2a46c

interfaces: introduce and use a protocol class for the `bdiff` module

This is allowed by PEP 544[1], and we basically follow the example there.  The
class here is copied from `mercurial.pure.bdiff`, and the implementation
removed.

There are several modules that have a few different implementations, and the
implementation chosen is controlled by `HGMODULEPOLICY`.  The module is loaded
via `mercurial/policy.py`, and has been inferred by pytype as `Any` up to this
point.  Therefore it and PyCharm were blind to all functions on the module, and
their signatures.  Also, having multiple instances of the same module allows
their signatures to get out of sync.

Introducing a protocol class allows the loaded module that is stored in a
variable to be given type info, which cascades through the various places it is
used.  This change alters 11 *.pyi files, for example.  In theory, this would
also allow us to ensure the various implementations of the same module are kept
in alignment- simply import the module in a test module, attempt to pass it to a
function that uses the corresponding protocol as an argument, and run pytype on
it.

In practice, this doesn't work (yet).  PyCharm (erroneously) flags imported
modules being passed where a protocol class is used[2].  Pytype has problems the
other way- it fails to detect when a module that doesn't adhere to the protocol
is passed to a protocol argument.  The good news is that mypy properly detects
this case.  The bad news is that mypy spews a bunch of other errors when
importing even simple modules, like the various `bdiff` modules.  Therefore I'm
punting on the tests for now because the type info around a loaded module in
PyCharm is a clear win by itself.

[1] https://peps.python.org/pep-0544/#modules-as-implementations-of-protocols
[2] https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/PY-58679/Support-modules-implementing-protocols

===================
Mercurial Rust Code
===================

This directory contains various Rust code for the Mercurial project.
Rust is not required to use (or build) Mercurial, but using it
improves performance in some areas.

There are currently four independent Rust projects:

- chg. An implementation of chg, in Rust instead of C.
- hgcli. A project that provides a (mostly) self-contained "hg" binary,
  for ease of deployment and a bit of speed, using PyOxidizer. See
  ``hgcli/README.md``.
- hg-core (and hg-cpython): implementation of some
  functionality of mercurial in Rust, e.g. ancestry computations in
  revision graphs, status or pull discovery. The top-level ``Cargo.toml`` file
  defines a workspace containing these crates.
- rhg: a pure Rust implementation of Mercurial, with a fallback mechanism for
  unsupported invocations. It reuses the logic ``hg-core`` but
  completely forgoes interaction with Python. See
  ``rust/rhg/README.md`` for more details.

Using Rust code
===============

Local use (you need to clean previous build artifacts if you have
built without rust previously)::

  $ make PURE=--rust local # to use ./hg
  $ ./tests/run-tests.py --rust # to run all tests
  $ ./hg debuginstall | grep -i rust # to validate rust is in use
  checking Rust extensions (installed)
  checking module policy (rust+c-allow)

If the environment variable ``HGWITHRUSTEXT=cpython`` is set, the Rust
extension will be used by default unless ``--no-rust``.

One day we may use this environment variable to switch to new experimental
binding crates like a hypothetical ``HGWITHRUSTEXT=hpy``.

Special features
================

In the future, compile-time opt-ins may be added
to the ``features`` section in ``hg-cpython/Cargo.toml``.

To use features from the Makefile, use the ``HG_RUST_FEATURES`` environment
variable: for instance ``HG_RUST_FEATURES="some-feature other-feature"``.

Profiling
=========

Setting the environment variable ``RUST_LOG=trace`` will make hg print
a few high level rust-related performance numbers. It can also
indicate why the rust code cannot be used (say, using lookarounds in
hgignore).

Creating a ``.cargo/config`` file with the following content enables
debug information in optimized builds. This make profiles more informative
with source file name and line number for Rust stack frames and
(in some cases) stack frames for Rust functions that have been inlined::

  [profile.release]
  debug = true

``py-spy`` (https://github.com/benfred/py-spy) can be used to
construct a single profile with rust functions and python functions
(as opposed to ``hg --profile``, which attributes time spent in rust
to some unlucky python code running shortly after the rust code, and
as opposed to tools for native code like ``perf``, which attribute
time to the python interpreter instead of python functions).

Example usage::

  $ make PURE=--rust local # Don't forget to recompile after a code change
  $ py-spy record --native --output /tmp/profile.svg -- ./hg ...

Developing Rust
===============

Minimum Supported Rust Version
------------------------------

The minimum supported rust version (MSRV) is specified in the `Clippy`_
configuration file at ``rust/clippy.toml``. It is set to be ``1.79.0`` as of
this writing, but keep in mind that the authoritative value is the one
from the configuration file.

We bump it from time to time, with the general rule being that our
MSRV should not be greater that the version of the Rust toolchain
shipping with Debian testing, so that the Rust enhanced Mercurial can
be eventually packaged in Debian.

To ensure that you are not depending on features introduced in later
versions, you can issue ``rustup override set x.y.z`` at the root of
the repository.

Build and development
---------------------

Go to the ``hg-cpython`` folder::

  $ cd rust/hg-cpython

Or, only the ``hg-core`` folder. Be careful not to break compatibility::

  $ cd rust/hg-core

Simply run::

   $ cargo build --release

It is possible to build without ``--release``, but it is not
recommended if performance is of any interest: there can be an order
of magnitude of degradation when removing ``--release``.

For faster builds, you may want to skip code generation::

  $ cargo check

For even faster typing::

  $ cargo c

You can run only the rust-specific tests (as opposed to tests of
mercurial as a whole) with::

  $ cargo test --all

Formatting the code
-------------------

We use ``rustfmt`` to keep the code formatted at all times. For now, we are
using the nightly version because it has been stable enough and provides
comment folding.

Our CI enforces that the code does not need reformatting. Before
submitting your changes, please format the entire Rust workspace by running::


  $ cargo +nightly fmt

This requires you to have the nightly toolchain installed.

Linting: code sanity
--------------------

We're using `Clippy`_, the standard code diagnosis tool of the Rust
community.

Our CI enforces that the code is free of Clippy warnings, so you might
want to run it on your side before submitting your changes. Simply do::

  % cargo clippy

from the top of the Rust workspace. Clippy is part of the default
``rustup`` install, so it should work right away. In case it would
not, you can install it with ``rustup component add``.


.. _Clippy: https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/clippy/