graft: clarify in help that `-r` is not just optional Positional parameters are also treated as revisions, but the order of revisions matters and it will often be wrong if the user understands it as `-r` taking multiple revisions as `-r REV1 REV2`. (Alternatively, `-r` could be turned into a no-op flag as the documentation suggests. That would however be less "semantic markup" and I agree with the implementation in 55e7f352b1d3 but not the documentation.)

streamclone: use backgroundfilecloser (issue4889) Closing files that have been appended to is slow on Windows/NTFS. CloseHandle() calls on this platform often take 1-10ms - and that's on my i7-6700K Skylake processor with a modern and fast SSD. Contrast with other I/O operations, such as writing data, which take <100us. This means that creating/appending thousands of files can add significant overhead. For example, cloning mozilla-central creates ~232,000 revlog files. Assuming 1ms per CloseHandle(), that yields 232s (3:52) of wall time waiting for file closes! The impact of this overhead can be measured most directly when applying stream clone bundles. Applying these files is effectively uncompressing a tar archive (read: it's very fast). Using a RAM disk (read: no I/O wait), the difference in wall time for a `hg debugapplystreamclonebundle` for a ~1731 MB mozilla-central bundle between Windows and Linux from the same machine is drastic: Linux: ~12.8s (128MB/s) Windows: ~352.0s (4.7MB/s) Windows is ~27.5x slower. Yikes! After this patch: Linux: ~12.8s (128MB/s) Windows: ~102.1s (16.1MB/s) Windows is now ~3.4x faster. Unfortunately, it is still ~8x slower than Linux. Profiling reveals a few hot code paths that could likely be improved. But those are for other patches. This patch introduces test-clone-uncompressed.t because existing tests of `clone --uncompressed` are scattered about and adding a variation for background thread closing to e.g. test-http.t doesn't feel correct.

streamclone: indent code This will make the subsequent patch easier to read.

scmutil: support background file closing Closing files that have been appended to is relatively slow on Windows/NTFS. This makes several Mercurial operations slower on Windows. The workaround to this issue is conceptually simple: use multiple threads for I/O. Unfortunately, Python doesn't scale well to multiple threads because of the GIL. And, refactoring our code to use threads everywhere would be a huge undertaking. So, we decide to tackle this problem by starting small: establishing a thread pool for closing files. This patch establishes a mechanism for closing file handles on separate threads. The coordinator object is basically a queue of file handles to operate on and a thread pool consuming from the queue. When files are opened through the VFS layer, the caller can specify that delay closing is allowed. A proxy class for file handles has been added. We must use a proxy because it isn't possible to modify __class__ on built-in types. This adds some overhead. But as future patches will show, this overhead is cancelled out by the benefit of closing file handles on background threads.

templatekw: add {namespaces} keyword This provides a general-purpose interface to all custom namespaces. The {namespaces} keyword honors the definition order of namespaces as they are kept by sortdict.

templatekw: move shownames() helper to be sorted alphabetically I'll add shownamespaces(), which is similar to this function. I want to put them nearby.

templater: make get(dict, key) return a single value This is necessary to obtain a _hybrid object from a dict. If get() yields a value, it would be stringified. I see no benefit to make get() lazy, so this patch just changes "yield" to "return".