diff -r db5d7aee641e -r e0fc40b95f05 mercurial/upgrade_utils/actions.py
--- a/mercurial/upgrade_utils/actions.py	Thu Feb 15 18:10:41 2024 +0000
+++ b/mercurial/upgrade_utils/actions.py	Wed Feb 21 02:12:58 2024 +0100
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@
             level = repo.ui.configint(b'storage', b'revlog.zstd.level')
         if level is None:
             return b'default'
-        return bytes(level)
+        return b"%d" % level
 
     @classmethod
     def fromconfig(cls, repo):
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@
             level = repo.ui.configint(b'storage', b'revlog.zstd.level')
         if level is None:
             return b'default'
-        return bytes(level)
+        return b"%d" % level
 
 
 def find_format_upgrades(repo):